Cause of Dementia

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Dementias can be caused by brain cell death, and neurodegenerative disease - progressive brain cell death that happens over time - is associated with most dementias. However it is not known if the dementia causes the brain cell death, or the brain cell death causes the dementia. But, as well as progressive brain cell death, like that seen in Alzheimer's disease, dementia can be caused by a head injury, a stroke, or a brain tumor, among other causes.

Vascular dementia (also called multi-infarct dementia) - resulting from brain cell death caused by conditions such as cerebrovascular disease, for example, stroke. This prevents normal blood flow, depriving brain cells of oxygen.

Injury - Post-traumatic dementia is directly related to brain cell death caused by injury.

Some types of traumatic brain injury - Particularly if repetitive, such as those received by sports players - have been linked to certain dementias appearing later in life. Evidence is weak, however, that a single brain injury raises the likelihood of having a degenerative dementia such as Alzheimer's disease.

Dementia can also be caused by:

Prion diseases - For instance, CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease).

HIV infection - How the virus damages brain cells is not certain, but it is known to occur.

Reversible factors - Some dementias can be treated by reversing the effects of underlying causes, including medication interactions, depression, vitamin deficiencies, and thyroid abnormalities.   

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